Dear Friends,
George Bush has packed off to Latin America, with the mission of cementing relationships with allies and regaining influence in the region. This issue of the Americas Updater begins with a critical look at the administration's agenda within the current economic and political context. Next, our Southern Cone correspondent, Raul Zibechi, offers an in-depth view of the most important stop on Bush's five-nation tour—Sao Paulo. Zibechi argues that there's more to the ethanol alliance than an alternative energy agenda. From Brazil, Isabella Kenfield analyzes the impact of ethanol production on Brazilian rural areas and what could be in store in an ethanol future.
Eva Carazo, a writer and activist in Costa Rica, presents an analysis of the growing movement against Costa Rican ratification of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). As the only country still to ratify, the battle over the agreement has shaken the usually docile nation and become an international litmus test on an increasingly unpopular economic model. Finally, Americas border environmental analyst Talli Nauman writes on competition for the use of scarce water in the Gulf of California region, and its implications for the binational environment.
For those of you new to the IRC Americas Updater—welcome! You can see that the bi-weekly bulletin offers a broad range of issues, but some things are constant. Over 90% of our material is original—you won't find it anywhere else, unless it's reprinted (we encourage spreading information and ideas). The virtual pages of the Updater present cutting-edge analysis from our web of contributors throughout the hemisphere, in our five issue networks: Environment and Sustainable Development, Trade and Economic Integration, Democracy, Immigration, and Right to Know. We rely on our own IRC analysts and partner organizations in each of these networks to provide perspectives that not only enrich our knowledge and understanding of the issues, but also encourage a vibrant North-South debate and the forging of shared citizen agendas.
We look forward to hearing from our readers. Please send comments to: americas@irc-online.org.
This Week in the Americas
Bush Tour Seeks to Drive a Wedge in Plans for Latin American Unity
By Laura Carlsen
President George W. Bush has embarked on a five-nation tour of Latin America—the most ambitious of his presidency—in an attempt to reassert U.S. leadership in a region where open hostility to his government and its foreign and economic policies is the norm rather than the exception.
The U.S. president hopes that espousing a new commitment to "social justice" will undermine Venezuela's crusade for Latin American and Caribbean unity based on a rejection of U.S. dominance and the free trade model.
Bush's trip seeks to build a new coalition of the willing, in the face of a coalescing group of nations that has declared itself unwilling to continue to follow the economic and political dictums of Washington. In his speech this week, Bush described the countries on his itinerary—Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico—as countries that have made "the right choices," as opposed to the tacit accusation that many of the rest of them are making the wrong choices.
The nations Bush is visiting are not well-positioned to receive a public figure so widely repudiated by their populations. Lula, engaged in a political balancing act between social programs for the poor and economic orthodoxy for the rich, risks taking a serious fall from being so closely related to U.S. interests. Colombia is embroiled in a human rights scandal that is exposing the government's own connections to paramilitary operations that have been at least indirectly supported by U.S. aid to the country's armed forces.
Mexico's President Calderón will get a photo op with the president, praise for his ongoing drug crackdowns, and a commitment to immigration policy reform. But the presidential summit will take place outside Mexico City, where grassroots mobilizations against electoral fraud and anti-Bush demonstrations are capable of drawing tens of thousands of people.
So why risk a major tour now? Although they emphasize the social goals and deny that the tour is ideologically motivated, government officials have admitted that the president ' s trip seeks to contain the growing influence of Hugo Chávez.
The trip indicates rising U.S. concern about a consolidating left-center alliance in Latin America. The State Department has warned of a populist threat—including Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, with Argentina thrown in for good measure—and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice says the U.S. government is committed to "ensuring that the peoples of the Americas are not abandoned to demagogues and authoritarians"—both frequent accusations against the Chávez government.
But as Chávez forges relationships built on infrastructure construction, financing, oil, and preferential trade, Bush is offering little to back up his bid to be the champion of social justice in the region. The 2007 aid budget for Latin America is down from past years and conditionality is way up.
Ironically, many of the specific measures to be highlighted during the tour look like a weak copy of the kind of measures Cuba and Venezuela have been carrying out for years, including offering medical services to the poor, but in this case through military teams and a floating clinic located on a U.S. Navy ship; scholarships to study in the United States; English lessons; and some housing construction. The rest include a round up of already existing programs and the extension of U.S.-based financial services in the region through loan and mortgage programs. These are not measures that are likely to win over the hearts and minds of Latin America's poor.
They key to the campaign, though, lies in the consolidation of the relationship with Brazil. Brazil is Latin America's powerhouse, and considered one of the four emerging economies that will rise to be major players within the next decades.
The ethanol alliance seeks to consolidate a new power line in Latin America that runs directly between the United States and Brazil, with the dynamic force being the transnational corporations with interests in both countries. If this alliance is consolidated it will erode the Bolivarian plan to integrate the continent with a model of state-regulated economies and Venezuelan oil. It would also undermine efforts to strengthen the Southern Common Market.
In the deal, Brazil gains capital to develop ethanol-producing technologies within its own borders and export them to Central America and Caribbean nations. In addition to investment and credits, the Sao Paulo industrialists are assured policies to extend agribusiness into the Amazon and other regions now populated by small farmers.
The United States gains greater independence from Middle East oil by importing more of the cheap Brazilian ethanol. It also begins to redraw the map of energy integration in Latin America based on Brazilian ethanol rather than Venezuelan oil and Bolivian gas, thus neutralizing the power of nations it considers uncooperative.
Cargill, one of the largest owners and operators of ethanol production in Brazil, and other agribusiness corporations, expands in the south while continuing to protect its corn interests in the north by maintaining U.S. import tariffs on ethanol. As mono-cropping for biofuels takes over huge tracts of land, small food farmers who have always resisted international market control of land and resources will become a species in danger of extinction.
None of these changes are really in the interests of Latin America's poor or the U.S. public. Setting aside Chavez's anti-American hype, Latin American countries helping each other out is not necessarily contrary to U.S. interests, if these are redefined in terms of stable, long-term relationships with its southern neighbors rather than by the destructive trade and security agendas that now dominate.
The attempt to isolate nations that are seeking more equitable forms of development—including Bolivia, Argentina, and Ecuador—may help forge a coalition based on the interests of the powerful but will exacerbate Latin America's problems and further distance the United States from its neighbors.
Our foreign policy should place more value on principles—democracy, equitable development, well-being—rather than on ideological control, and it should be based on respect for the myriad form s of development being explored in the region . This is the foreign policy that the people throughout the Western Hemisphere deserve.
Laura Carlsen is director of the IRC Americas Program in Mexico City, where she has worked as a writer and political analyst for the past two decades. The Americas Program is online at http://americas.irc-online.org/.
New from the IRC Americas Program:
United States and Brazil: The New Ethanol Alliance
By Raúl Zibechi
George W. Bush's trip to Latin America this month is the most ambitious attempt to reposition the United States in the region since the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas died in Mar del Plata in November of 2005. The trip, which includes Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, and Colombia, has a dual purpose: to counteract the growing influence of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in the region and to form a strategic alliance with Brazil for the production of ethanol. Although it may not appear on the surface, the two objectives are profoundly related.
Raúl Zibechi is a member of the Editorial Council of the weekly Brecha de Montevideo, teacher and researcher of social movements at the Multiversidad Franciscana de América Latina, and adviser to social groups. He is a monthly collaborator of the IRC Americas Program (www.americaspolicy.org). Translated for the IRC Americas Program by Laura Carlsen.
See full article online at:
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4051
Costa Rica: Why We Reject CAFTA
By Eva Carazo Vargas
On Feb. 26, tens of thousands of Costa Ricans took to the streets in a demonstration to block ratification of the free trade agreement and reject approval of the implementing legislation demanded by the United States. Costa Rica is the only country included in the Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Central America, and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) that has not yet ratified the agreement. A broad grassroots movement in the country is trying to make sure it stays that way.
Eva Carazo Vargas (evacarazov@gmail.com) works for the Costa Rican Organic Agriculture Movement and forms part of the Biodiversity Network coordinating team. She supports various social organizations especially related to agriculture, biodiversity, and intellectual property, and participates in the National Committee against the FTA. She is a trade and agriculture analyst with the IRC Americas Program (www.americaspolicy.org).
See full article online at:
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4062
Brazil's Ethanol Plan Breeds Rural Poverty, Environmental Degradation
By Isabella Kenfield
There is concern that while expansion of the ethanol industry may boost Brazil's GDP and some Brazilians will become very wealthy in the process, the majority of the population will not benefit from the ethanol export boom. Given U.S. plans to increase imports of Brazilian ethanol and the alliance slated to be forged during Bush's South America visit in March, it is likely the livelihoods of many Brazilians, especially the rural poor, will be subordinated to maintain U.S. consumption.
Many citizen organizations in Brazil are concerned that what appears to be an economic panacea may be a social and ecological disaster. They claim that as the industry expands and more hectares are planted mono-cropping sugarcane, existing problems in rural areas of landlessness, hunger, unemployment, environmental degradation, and agrarian conflicts will be exacerbated.
Isabella Kenfield is a freelance journalist based in Brazil and a contributor to the IRC Americas Program www.americaspolicy.org.
See full article online at:
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4049
A Future Compromised: Agriculture and Aquaculture Compete for Water
By Talli Nauman
Agriculture and aquaculture are important activities in the Gulf of California region, not only for their economic contribution, but also for their environmental consequences. Their main impact is on water. Overuse and abuse cause uncalculated damage to public health. Shrimp farming and crop harvesting produce income. But with it comes the cost of stream and sea water contamination from fertilizers, pesticides, and wastes. What's more, they entail large scale land use changes. Against this backdrop, surprising technological breakthroughs give rise to many development uncertainties. Perhaps more important than the technology is the public participation in decisions about it. Currents of thought are just now converging about ways to take advantage of recent generations' progress toward more environmentally friendly resource management. However, the viewpoints of the stakeholders involved are still polarized.
Talli Nauman is an environmental analyst for the Americas Program (www.americaspolicy.org). She is a founder and co-director of the independent international media project Journalism to Raise Environmental Awareness, initiated in 1994 with support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
See full article online at:
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4035
